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Measures: Measures are the fact table data on which you are modeling your report, such as sales or inventories. You can look at the aggregate measure as consisting of a bunch of measure cells, with each of the cells identified by a unique combination of dimensions. For example, if sales is your measure, then the sales of detergents for the third quarter of 2004 in the New York region is one cell of the measure, since you can have only one such unique combination of your three dimensions: product (detergents), time (third quarter of 2004), and region (New York region). The next section looks at how the MODEL feature uses rules to modify your multidimensional array data.

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A rule in the context of the MODEL clause is any business rule or formula you want to apply to the array data created by the MODEL clause You may, for example, use a formula to forecast next year s sales on the basis of the preceding two years sales data You create a simple forecasting formula that expresses your business reasoning, and then pass it along to the MODEL clause as a rule You use the keyword RULES to indicate that you are specifying the rules that the MODEL clause must apply to its multidimensional array data For example, you could specify a simple rule as follows: MODEL RULES (sales['ProductA', 2005] = sales['ProductA', 2003] + sales['ProductA', 2004] This rule specifies that the sales of ProductA for the year 2005 would be the sum of the sales of ProductA in the years 2003 and 2004.

When you specify the RULES keyword, you may also want to indicate whether the rules you are specifying will be transforming existing data or inserting new rows of data By default, the RULES keyword operates with the UPSERT specification That is, if the measure cell on the left side of a rule exists, Oracle will update it Otherwise, Oracle will create a new row with the measure cell values Here s an example: MODEL RULES UPSERT sales ('ProductA', 2005) = sales ('ProductA', 2003) + sales ('ProductA', 2004) /* MORE RULES HERE */) In this rules specification, if there is already a table or view row that shows the sales for ProductA in the year 2005, Oracle will update that row with the values derived from applying the rule formula.

If there is no such row, Oracle will create a new row to show the forecasted sales of ProductA for the year 2005 If you don t want Oracle to insert any new rows, but just update the existing rows, you can change the default behavior of the RULES clause by specifying the UPDATE option for all the rules, as shown here: MODEL RULES UPDATE Sales ('ProductA', 2005) = sales ('ProductA', 2003) + sales ('ProductA', 2004) ..

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The previous two examples demonstrated how to apply different rule options at the MODEL clause level. You may also specify rule options at the individual rule level, as shown here: RULES (UPDATE sales ('ProductA', 2005) = sales ('ProductA', 2003) + sales ('ProductA', 2004) When you specify a rule option at the individual rule level as shown in this example, the use of the RULES keyword is optional.

If you specify a rule option at the rule level, it will override the RULES specification at the MODEL clause level. If you don t specify a rule option at the rule level, the MODEL level option applies to all the rules. If you don t specify an option at the MODEL level, the default UPSERT option will prevail.